It usually represents the inorganic salts naturally occurring in the drug and adhering to it, but it may also include inorganic matter added for the purpose of adulteration. Widespread public perception is that illicit drugs contain substances that are a serious risk to health, even though adulterants are often not considered in clinical or forensic toxicology. Click download or read online button to get textbook of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry book now. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate all commercial varieties of crude drugs before or after being purchased. The crude drugs can be identified on the basis of their morphological, histological, chemical, physical, and biological studies. No doubt, substitution is helpful in places where unavailability of particular crude drug and or unwanted adverse effects of. A cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in india. An adulterant is a substance found within other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuel or other chemicals that compromises the safety or effectiveness of said substance it will not normally be present in any specification or declared contents of the substance, and may not be legally allowed. Every drug has sideeffects and risks, but some drugs have more risks than others, especially illegal drugs. An adulteration means a process of addition of impure, cheap and filthy substances to genuine drug in order to get more profits. Standardization of crude drugs is a code of conduct and an essential need of a time.
An adulterant is distinct from, for example, permitted food additives. The food is sucked of its nutrients and the place where the food is grown is often contaminated. Adulterants are usually substandard varieties of a crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared commodities. A high ash value is an indication of contamination, substitution, adulteration in the crude drug. List of key topics presented in adulteration in food chemistry project for. Pandya and others published detection of adulteration of crude drugs by modern methods. During the period from april, 2007 to march, 2012, a total of 2763 crude drug samples were received, out of them 329 11. Moreover, it is in fact a practice believed to be true by those involved with the researching of drug issues, the treatment and rehabilitation of drug users, the policing of drug users and the educating of drug. I any case, all samples of drugs must be evaluated before use or. Robert kiyosaki 2019 the speech that broke the internet keep them poor. The drug is adulterated with the substance which has been prepared artificially. Internal adulteration internal adulteration is the most common form of tampering, which causes specimen dilution. The official records revealed that about 110 types of adulterated crude drugs were received frequently for identification. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.
It is determined by using sodium vapor lamp at 25 0 c. The evaluation of crude drug is necessary because of three reason. Adulteration of crude drug free download as powerpoint presentation. Measurement of diameter of starch grains in powdered crude drugs. Herbal medicines hm are naturally occurring, plantderived.
Substitution and adulteration are now become a very common practice, which makes global crude drug market. The adulteration and substitution of crude drug is a burning problem. Efficiency of several drugs is due to their odorous principle volatile oils. Evalution of crude drug april 25, 2015 crude drug evaluation. Application of quality control principles to herbal drugs. Food and drug administration fda estimates that 40 percent of the finished drugs used by u. Textbook of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry download ebook. Most notably, the 1906 novel, the jungle, by upton sinclair, described atrocious adulteration problems in the meat industry. Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, research shows that the earlier a person begins to use drugs, the more likely he or she is to develop serious problems. No doubt, substitution is helpful in places where unavailability of. Weighed quantity of the drug is boiled with water in a round bottomed flask fitted with clevenger apparatus. The term adulteration of an article covers a number of conditions which may be intentional or accidental. Parameters are established for the prevention of adulteration in medicinal. Due to advancement in the chemical knowledge of crude drugs, at present, evaluation also includes method of estimating active constituents present in the crude drug, in addition to its morphological and microscopic analysis.
This article gives an overview of the requirements and practical guidance on how to perform the chemical safety assessment csa and appropriately document. Definitions adulterated and misbranded food adulterated and misbranded drugs and devices adulterated and misbranded cosmetics product tampering current good manufacturing practices methods for the determination of adulteration of foods. Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. Adulteration of crude drugs pharmacognosy petroleum. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original. Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry download ebook pdf, epub. Adulteration of crude drug and evaluation methods slideshare.
The residue remaining after incineration of a known quantity of the air dried crude drug, is known as the ash content of the drug. Biological evaluation of drug quality control of crude. Reports on intentional adulteration of herbal medicines and dietary supplements with synthetic drugs were collected and are shown in l table 1. Ash simply represents the inorganic salts naturally occuring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration. Usually practised when the herb is scarce or expensive effects of adulteration inferiority spoilage admixture sophistication deterioration substitution inferior herb quality leads to a substandard herb results naturally in nature ignorancecarelessness e. Explain in detail the methods of adulteration of crude drugs with examples.
Drug adulteration the adulteration and substitution of herbal drugs is the burning problem in herbal industry and it has caused a major effect in the commercial use of natural products. Detection of adulteration of crude drugs by modern methods. Deterioration and adulterations authorstream presentation. Wooden boxes and paper bags should not be used for storage of crude drugs. Through scientific advances, we know more about how drugs work in the brain than ever, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and lead productive lives. Controlled incineration of crude drugs results in an ash residue consisting of an inorganic material metallic salts and silica. Collection of genuine material regardless of the time factor collecting herbs priorafter ideal time collection at incorrect stage of. The adulteration of heparin, a widely used blood thinner, is a tragic example of the risks resulting from an increasingly globalized and complex pharmaceutical manufacturing system. An overview om prakash 1, jyoti 2, amit kumar 3, pavan kumar 4, niranjan kumar manna 5 1. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug.
Adulteration introduction, reasons, types, examples, evaluation method along with activated practical video link assistant professor department of pharmacognosy siddhi vinayaka institute of technology and sciences, bilaspur, c. Labs, guntur, andhra pradesh, india food is adulterated to increase the quantity and make more profit. The detection of adulteration or errors in handling of the drug depends upon the evaluation of important parameters like physical constants. Adulteration, therefore, may be referred to as a fraudulent activity or malpractice and is akin to cheating, whereas, substitution is not so. There can be a fine line between adulterant and additive.
Crude drug definition of crude drug by merriamwebster. Plant crude drugs may be organized or unorganized, and thus may be classified based on morphology. Herbs include crude plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes or other plant parts, which may be entire, fragmented or powdered. Pharmacy 1st semester advanced pharmacognosy practicals 1. Drinking large volumes of just about any nontoxic waterbased liquid will dilute urine.
Adulteration of crude drugs pharmacognosy petroleum scribd. Drugs, brains, and behavior the science of addiction. By stepwise pharmacognostic studies, the procedure of standardization can be accomplished ozarkar, 2005. Those preparations made from the entire organ of the plant, where it contains a specific plant tissue, and used for treatment are referred to as organized crude drugs, e. Discuss the various methods of adulteration of crude drugs with example. Evaluation of crude drug its the determination of amount of active constituent present in the crude drug from the tissue element and cell contents the different types of crude drugs can be identified and purity of crude drug is determined, this is called qualitative microscopical examination 3 physical method. Pdf class 12 chemistry cbse investigatory project on. Adulteration of crude drugs free download as powerpoint presentation. Measurement of length and width of phloem fibres in powdered crude drugs. Marine drugsa keeping in mind the use of herbal crude drugs, their extracts and remedies, a chapter, traditional drugs of india, has been so designed that about sixty important traditional drugs will be covered for their.
Also, i am sharing below a brief description of kry topics presented in this chemistry project for your reference. Research article pharmacognostic evaluation of oxalis pes. Pdf pharmacognosy different systems of classification of. Crude drug definition is a plant or animal drug occurring in either the fresh or dried condition and either whole or reduced in particle size by cutting or grinding. In addition to the most common chemical adulterants listed in l table 1, the following adulterants. Abstract article received on 03 aug 2015, the adulteration and substitution of crude drug is a burning problem. Adulteration of crude drug and evaluation methods 1. Substitution with substandard drugs this is the most common practice of adulteration where the adulterants resemble the original crude drug in morphological, chemical, or therapeutic characteristics but are substandard in nature and hence are cheaper in cost. Research article issn 2278 4357 crude drug adulteration.
Introduction ayurveda can be seen as one of the most visible faces of alternative medicines practiced throughout india. Page 127 adulteration and substitution in indian medicinal plants. Introduction the term adulteration or debasement of an article covers a number of conditions, which may be deliberate or accidental. Such crude drugs are standardised on the basis of their volatile oil contents. In this study, the method of powder identification is used in the adulteration detection of powdered seasonings from chili and cumin as well as other powdered seasonings, providing a new identification method and a theoretical basis for the future studies on this field. The ash content of a crude drug is generally taken to be the residue remaining after incineration.
Mitigating the impact of admixtures in thai herbal products ncbi. Adulteration of crude drugs adulteration is the debasement of genuine materials adulteration is done when there is scarcity of crude drugs or cost of the drug is high even though there is no scarcity the drug is either partially or completely substituted the adulterant used must be having same morphological characters as that of genuine drug. Herbal drugs are unprocessed part of plant or whole plant. Hi friends, i am sharing a chemistry project for class 12th students on adulteration in food stuff. The notion that street drugs have been adulterated diluted by all sorts of dangerous substances such as vim, ajax, groundglass, brickdust and even ratpoison is a common one. Marine resources of the therapeutically active constituents have been discussed in profile in the chapter on a. Adulteration of crude palm oil with red dye from the leaf sheath of sorghum bicolor otu okogeri department of food science and technology, ebonyi state university, pmb 053, abakaliki, nigeria. Adulteration by artificially manufactured substitutes 3. Yet problems with drug quality continued, and in 1937 an elixir of sulphanilamide fatally poisoned 107 people because of the presence of diethylene glycol, a known. Pharmacists should also be proactive in their efforts to educate patients about counterfeit drugs. Discuss with examples on adulteration of powder and liquid drugs.
Nov 18, 2018 adulteration of crude drug and evaluation methods 1. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic an d chemical properties or addition of low grade or spo iled drugs or entirely different dr ug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits. The artificially manufactured substance resembles the original drug. Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking. Evaluation of crude drug is necessary because of three reasons.
Drug supply why is the heparin case study important. The distillate collected is graquated into volatile oil. As evident from the discussion on the occurrence and type of adulteration in crude drugs, qualities of drugs offered for sale in the market cannot always be guaranteed. Adulteration is as practice of substituting original crude drug partially or wholly with other similar looking substances, but the later is either free from or inferior in chemical or therapeutic properties.
Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings. Using drugs can become a problem depending on a number of factors. Adulteration of drugs with poisonous substances during production or. Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management. Original drug adulteration original drug adulteration adulteration by worthless heavy material or toxic substance drugs are also adulterated by the addition of worthless heavy material or the material that would be toxic in nature. Is the term substitution relevant to pharmacognosy and or vegetable. Adulteration with other materials standard crude drugs are. The adulteration and substitution of herbal drugs is the major problem causing treat to the herbal drug industry andto the research on commercial natural products. Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the. Is the term substitution relevant to pharmacognosy and or.
D scheme for pharmacognostic studies of a crude drug. This article throws a light on adulteration, types, common market adulterants and its further analysis. No doubt, substitution is helpful in places where unavailability of particular crude drug and or unwanted adverse effects of desired crude drug are there and have a choice of other drug. Revised on 25 aug 2015, no doubt, substitution is helpful in places where unavailability of accepted on 18 sep 2015 particular crude drug. Determination of common adulterants in herbal medicine and food. The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required. Adulterating the crude drugs by any of the said conditions is considered undesirable in the crude drug industry. Integrated approach for identifying and evaluating the quality. Sources of crude drug plant oldest source of drugs. Small quantity of crude drugs could be readily stored in air tight, moisture proof and light proof container such as tin, cans, covered metal tins or amber glass containers. Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications found in nature raising, harvesting and selling crude drugs.
The first statute to control the quality of drugs in the u. Adulteration is done when there is scarcity of crude drugs or cost of the drug is high even though there is no scarcity the drug is either partially or completely substituted the adulterant used must be having same morphological characters as that of genuine drug in case of powdered drugs colour, texture and density taken into. Pharmacognostic standards are set up to ensure quality and to lessen chances of adulteration and contamination during collection and preparation of drugs bhattacharya and kamaruz, 2009. An drug is regarded as adulterated if it does not conform to the standard or quality of the genuine drug by whose name it is sold or supplied.
Usually in crude drugs, this practice includes substitution of the original crude drugs partially or fully with other. Adulteration by addition of worthless heavy materials harmful adulteration. Dilution increases the volume of urine produced which results in a much higher incidence of specimens with drugs in amounts below the cutoff level. The correct identity of the crude herbal material, or the botanical quality, is of prime importance in establishing the quality control of herbal drugs. Study on the microscopic identification of the adulterated. Optical rotation is determined by the polarimeter certain crude drugs can rotate plane of polarized light to right dextrorotatory drug or to left laevorotatory drugs. Pdf the adulteration and substitution of crude drug is a burning problem. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration.
Adulteration is an illegal act of debasing or altering the original quality and properties of an article in order to cheat or defraud others. Cultivation collection and processing of herbal drugs. Adulteration with other materials standard crude drugs are partially adulterated with products that have no relation with the genuine drug and may or may not have any therapeutic or chemical component desired example. Adulteration of crude palm oil with red dye from the leaf. What do you mean by deliberate and indeliberate adulteration with examples. Find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Parameters for quality control of herbal drugs pharmatutor.
Mass spectra of olive oil adulterated with 10% soybean oil diluted by a factor of 100 in negative mode using dsatof. Crude drugs are adulterated by a number of illegal acts. Pdf adulteration of herbal medicines and dietary supplements. Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of india 19992004, illustrated manual of herbal. The adulterated samples mainly contain sildenafil, tadalafil or.
Prior to the 1950s, every pharmacy student learned about crude drugs in pharmacognosy class. Adulteration, deforestation, adulterants, crude drugs. Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties. Determination of soluble extractives and physicochemical. It is apparent from the abovementioned definition that the term. Write the source, family, active constituents and uses of the following. Name five different methods used for adulteration of crude drugs and explain with examples. Cultivation and utilisation of medicinal and aromatic plants in india. Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications fo. Adulteration in market samples is one of the greatest drawbacks in promotion of herbal products. Concern for the risks to the public health and safety associated with unsanitary and poorly labeled foods and drugs prompted congress in 1906 to pass the pure. With spurious, inferior, defective or harmful substances.
Adulteration is the debasement of genuine materials. Jan 22, 2014 contents of the powerpoint on adulteration and misbranding of drugs include. These drugs may be legal or illegal, helpful or harmful. The term adulteration of an article covers a number of conditions which may be intentional or accidental 2, 3. In 2005, two pharmacies in ontario were charged with knowingly selling counterfeit drugs. Crude drugs are unrefined medications in their raw or natural forms. In a broad sense, any change in an article that lowers its standard, quality or composition, irrespective of causes, is regarded as adulteration. Substitution with inferiorsub standard commercial varieties 2.